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    • 专利摘要:
    A Kerr mode-locked ("KLM") laser (50) includes a resonant cavity. The gain medium (4), selected from polycrystalline transition metal-doped II-VI materials ("TM: II-VI"), is mounted at a normal angle of incidence to a pump beam and mounted in the resonant cavity to cause the KLM laser emits a pulsed laser beam having a fundamental wavelength. The pulses of the emitted fundamental wavelength laser beam each vary within a wavelength range of 1.8-8 microns ("μm"), have a pulse duration in a time range equal to or greater than 30-35 femtoseconds ("fs"), and average output power in a power range within a mW to about 20 watts ("W"). The disclosed resonant cavity is configured with a plurality of spaced-apart reflectors, two of which flank and are spaced from the gain medium pumped to output a laser beam having a fundamental wavelength and wavelengths of its higher harmonics. The gain medium is mounted on a translation mechanism operable to controllably displace the gain medium along a waist of the laser beam. The offset of the gain medium causes a redistribution of laser power between a primary output having the fundamental wavelength and at least one secondary output having a higher harmonic wavelength.
    公开号:CH711206B1
    申请号:CH13932016
    申请日:2015-03-30
    公开日:2019-10-31
    发明作者:Vasilyev C/O Ipg Photonics Corporation Sergey；Mirov C/O Ipg Photonics Corporation Michael；Moskalev C/O Ipg Photonics Corporation Igor
    申请人:Ipg Photonics Corp；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    description
    Field of the Disclosure This disclosure relates to self-starting Kerr lens mode locked solid-state lasers in mid-IR.
    In particular, the disclosure relates to a Kerr lens mode-locked laser that is operable to emit picosecond and femtosecond pulses over a spectral range of 1.8-8 μm and that is configured with a normally cut gain medium made of polycrystalline Group II-VI materials doped with transition metal ions is selected.
    Background Art Pulsed lasers are used for applications in various fields such as optical signal processing, laser surgery, biomedicine, optical diagnostics, two-photon microscopy, optical scanning, optical reflectometry, material processing, etc. There are three main classes of pulsed lasers , namely Q-switched lasers, gain-switched lasers and mode-locked lasers, the latter being of particular interest for this disclosure.
    The mode-locked laser has a plurality of longitudinal modes which, coupled with their respective phases, oscillate at the same time, which enables the generation of equally spaced short and ultra-short pulses. The fixed phase relationship is established by a mode coupling mechanism that is able to synchronize the phases of the laser modes so that the phase differences between all laser modes remain constant. These optically phase-locked modes interfere with each other so that they form short optical pulses.
    A Kerr lens method (Kerr focusing, self-focusing), also referred to as Kerr lens mode coupling (KLM - Kerr-Lens Mode-Iocking), is one of the ultra-fast mode coupling mechanisms that are based on phenomena that exist for materials of groups II-VI and other optical materials (eg Ti-S) doped with transition metal ions are intrinsic. The KLM is a mechanism in which a pulse that is built up in a laser cavity that contains a gain medium and a Kerr medium experiences not only self-phase modulation but also self-focusing. While the KLM is a non-saturable absorber, the nonlinear optical properties, such as the Kerr effect, give an artificial “saturable absorber” effect that has a response time that is much faster than any intrinsic saturable absorber.
    Typically, the gain medium used in the KLM-based lasers contains TitamSapphire Ti: S, which has extraordinarily good thermal-optical properties. It is known that the simplicity and the advantages of the resonator with Brewster-mounted gain medium, such as mostly for Ti: S, outweigh the disadvantages associated with its mounting.
    In contrast to the standard Ti: S single crystal medium, transition metal-doped (transition metal: TM - transition metal) II-VI materials in the form of single crystals and in particular polycrystals offer unique possibilities for generating ultrashort laser pulses in the medium IR range ( 2-8 μm), which is complementary to the range of Ti: S (0.7-1.1 μm). Nonlimiting examples of suitable crystalline materials operating in a medium IR wavelength range may include zinc selenide ("ZnSe"), zinc sulfide ("ZnS"), CdZnSe, CdZnTe, and many others that demonstrate a bandwidth that spans the 1.8 spectral range -8 microns selectively covers.
    For various reasons, those materials have poor thermal-optical properties and show strong unevenness in the thermal-optical effects when placed in a Brewster configuration. As a result, the output power of the TM: II Vl laser with Brewster mount does not exceed a few watts. Furthermore, the efficiency of such a laser is limited due to the need to use a relatively thin gain medium with relatively low pump absorption.
    Fig. 1 shows a working example of one of possible diagrams of a polycrystalline Cr 2+ : ZnSe / ZnS-KLM laser. The output of a linearly polarized Er-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA - Er-Doped Fiber Amplifier), which is “seeded” by a narrow-band 1550 nm semiconductor laser with low noise, is coupled into a standard astigmatism-corrected asymmetrical Z-shaped resonator, which consists of two curved highly reflective (HR) mirrors, a flat HR mirror and a flat output coupler (OC - Output Coupler, R = 99%). Astigmatism means that the beam focus for sagittal (the plane perpendicular to the main plane of the cavity) and tangential (ie parallel to the main plane) planes are not in the same position. In addition, the stability ranges of the cavity are different for different levels and the output is elliptical. These phenomena require compensation.
    In the device of Fig. 1, the length of the laser cavity is about 94 cm. The KLM regime is obtained using two types of laser (gain) medium: polycrystalline Cr 2+ : ZnS (2.0 mm thick, 43% low signal transmission at 1550 nm) and polycrystalline Cr 2+ : ZnSe (2.4 mm thick, 15% transmission). Gain elements are plane-parallel polished, not coated and Brewster-mounted on a copper heat sink without forced cooling. In order for an optical cavity to maintain a pulse, the temporal shape and the pulse duration must remain stable while it is circulating through the cavity. As a result, the pulse due to the wavelength dependence of the refractive index de
    CH 711 206 B1 forms as it passes through it and needs compensation. While the cavity levels used in the configuration shown are non-dispersive, the gain medium and other optional components are dispersive. The dispersion compensation is implemented using a combination of a Brewster-mounted quartz plate (2 mm thick) and a YAG plate (4 mm thick). The group delay dispersion of the resonator at 2400 nm, close to the central laser wavelength, is approximately -1000 fs 2 .
    The laser is optimized for maximum CW output and then the distance between the curved mirrors is finely adjusted so that a KLM regime is obtained. The mode-locked laser oscillation is initiated by OC translation.
    [0012] Uninterrupted single-pulse oscillations lasting several hours are observed in Cr 2+ : ZnSe at 1 W pump power and 60 mW laser output power. A further increase in pump output leads to multiple pulses and frequent interruptions in mode coupling. Maximum stability of the Cr 2+ : ZnS-KLM laser is achieved with 1.25 W pump power and 30 mW output power (1-2 hours of uninterrupted single-pulse oscillations).
    Fig. 2 compares the emission spectra and autocorrelation traces obtained for Cr 2+ : ZnS and Cr 2+ : ZnSe lasers in the KLM regime. The measurements were carried out for single-pulse oscillations with a pulse repetition rate of 160 MHz. The output of the Cr 2+ : ZnS laser is limited by a six 2 transformation: a pulse duration of 125 fs was derived from an autocorrelation trace assuming a six 2 profile and a pulse duration of 126 fs was derived from the emission spectrum on the assumption for calculated the time-bandwidth product of ΔτΔν = 0.315. On the other hand, the shape of the autocorrelation trace for a Cr 2+ : ZnSe laser reveals pulses with chirp. An emission spectrum of the laser is distorted and therefore the time-bandwidth product is increased. The pulse duration of a Cr 2+ : ZnSe laser is roughly estimated to be within a range of 100-130 fs.
    Fig. 3 illustrates a rather simplified cavity design of the known KLM laser. Specifically, an optical pump source 1 pumped by a seed laser 10 emits the pump beam (shown in green) that is focused during propagation by a system of pump beam focusing and shaping optical elements 2 that may include lenses and mirrors , The focused and shaped beam is then coupled into the optical cavity by a concave, dielectric-coated deflection mirror 3 with a high degree of reflection at a laser wavelength and high transmission at a pump wavelength. After propagating further through a gain medium 4, a laser beam (shown in red) with a desired wavelength strikes a concave dielectrically coated deflection mirror 5 with a high degree of reflection at a laser wavelength and optionally high transmission at a pump wavelength. Reflected by mirror 5, the laser beam strikes a flat mirror 6 with a high degree of reflection at the laser wavelength, which is dielectric or metal-coated. Optionally, a dispersion compensation component 7, such as a plane-parallel plate, which is mounted in the laser resonator at a Brewster angle, is located in the cavity arm between mirrors 5 and 6. After reflection from mirror 6, the laser beam falls on mirror 5 and propagates through gain -Media 4 to hit mirror 3. Finally, the laser beam is coupled out of the cavity by an output coupler “OC” (Output Coupler) 8 as an output beam 9. The path of the laser beam is shown in red, while the pump beam is green.
    The Brewster mount of the gain medium, as shown in Figs. 1 and 3, is used in the KLM lasers mainly because of their several advantages. First, light with a certain p-polarization is transmitted through a surface perfectly without reflection at a Brewster angle of incidence, which accordingly makes special and expensive anti-reflection coatings unnecessary. Second, the gain medium acts as a polarizer, making the use of additional polarizers unnecessary. Thirdly, the Brewster mount of the gain element and a special choice of the resonator parameters enable compensation for the astigmatism of the laser beam propagating within the resonator and the output laser beam (astigmatism is caused by the abnormal incidence of light on curved mirror surfaces). The astigmatism of the resonator can reduce the performance of the laser (e.g. the quality of the output laser beam). In some failure-prone situations, such as Kerr lens mode coupling, astigmatism can even hinder correct laser operation.
    However, the Brewster mount of the gain medium is not without drawbacks. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the Brewster mount assembly involves a strong non-uniformity of the laser and pump beam within the gain element. The optical beam is expanded in one direction and retains its original size in a direction perpendicular to it. The beam expansion factor within the Brewster-mounted optical material equals the refractive index of the material n. Accordingly, the Brewster mount (i) leads to a reduction of the optical intensity within the gain element by a factor of n and (ii) to the asymmetry of the pump - And laser beam, which leads to a non-uniform heat release within the pumped channel, and therefore to a non-uniformity of various thermal-optical effects in the material.
    The disadvantages of the Brewster mount limit the output power of about 1 W in the monocrystalline TM: IIVl materials. KLM laser operation with 30-60 mW output power has recently been demonstrated in a polycrystalline material, but it clearly needs to be increased to meet the needs required by many industrial and scientific applications. However, further power scaling of KLM-TM: II-VI lasers with a conventional resonator arrangement is a challenging problem. In addition, the disadvantages disclosed above prevent the pulse duration from being shortened. Again, many applications require pulses that are shorter
    CH 711 206 B1 are those that are currently available in the desired frequency range with the currently shortest reported record pulse of about 40 femtoseconds.
    In principle, the optical density of a Brewster-mounted gain medium limits a pumping power and therefore the output power. As the thickness of the gain medium increases, which allows the use of higher pumping powers, the degree of astigmatism that should necessarily be compensated increases. Otherwise, as mentioned above, the KLM-based lasers are highly sensitive to astigmatism phenomena and can, in the worst case, stop working properly. However, such compensation is neither simple nor particularly effective.
    There is therefore a need for self-starting Kerr lens mode locked high power solid state lasers in mid-IR with an optical cavity that includes a polycrystalline nonlinear material selected from transition metal (TM) -doped II-VI materials and that in is mounted at a normal angle in the resonator cavity so that the laser output power, efficiency and pulse duration are significantly increased in the KLM regime.
    Accordingly, there is a further need for the medium-IR KLM lasers disclosed above, which have a configuration capable of operating at high pump powers, so that ultra-short pulses with high power of up to several tens of watts be issued.
    SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The object on which the invention is based for a device is achieved with the features of independent patent claim 1. Embodiments of the invention are the subject of that dependent on patent claim 1
    权利要求:
    Claims (1)
    [1]
    Claims 2 to 11. The object underlying the invention for a method is achieved with the features of independent claim 12. Embodiments of the invention are the subject of claims 13 to 15 which are dependent on this claim 12.
    The essence of the present invention is seen in a Kerr lens mode-locked laser configured with a gain medium, such as TM-doped II-VI materials, that is normally incident in the optical cavity a pump jet is mounted. The normal incidence mount has the following important features and advantages:
    - The laser and the pump beam remain circular through the gain medium;
    - The heat released within the pumped channel and therefore the various thermal-optical effects in the material are uniform and axially symmetrical;
    the optical intensity within the gain element is increased (compared to a conventional Brewster mount arrangement) by a factor n, this factor n corresponding to the refractive index of the gain element;
    various nonlinear optical effects within the gain element are increased due to the higher optical intensity;
    - More pronounced nonlinear effects are important in the KLM laser regime, since the Kerr effect has a nonlinear origin;
    - A more pronounced Kerr effect in a TM: II-VI medium can (at least partially) compensate for the astigmatism of the resonator. Accordingly, the use of TM: II VI gain elements under normal incidence enables the requirements for compensating for an astigmatism in the resonator of a KLM laser to be weakened (to a certain extent).
    - Mounting under normal incidence greatly facilitates the use of long-length gain elements and therefore high pump absorption;
    high pump absorption and high optical intensity lead to more efficient laser interaction and therefore allow flexibility in the selection of the output coupling parameters, so that increased laser output powers (for a given pump power) are made possible;
    - Uniform thermal-optical effects in the material enable the pump power to be increased (compared to a conventional Brewster mount arrangement) and therefore allow a further increase in the laser output power.
    All of the above is of particular importance for a TM: II-VI laser medium due to the relatively poor thermal-optical properties of these materials and for TM: II-VI-based lasers which operate in the KLM regime.
    According to the invention, the Kerr lens mode-locked ("KLM") laser of the invention is configured with a resonance cavity and a gain medium selected from polycrystalline transition metal-doped II-VI materials ("TM: IIVI"). The gain medium is at a normal angle of incidence to a pump beam and is mounted in the resonance cavity so that Kerr lens mode coupling is introduced which is sufficient for the resonance cavity to emit a pulsed laser beam with a fundamental wavelength. The pulses of the emitted laser beam with the fundamental wavelength each vary within a wavelength range of 1.8-8 micrometers («μm»), have a pulse duration in a time range equal to or longer than 30-35 femtoseconds («fs») and an average output power in a power range within one mW to about 20 watts («W»). According to the invention, the KLM includes a linearly polarized fiber laser pump source. This is selected from an erbium or thulium doped monomode fiber and is operable to emit a pump beam that has a pump wavelength different from that
    CH 711 206 B1
    Fundamental wavelength is coupled into the gain medium. The laser and pump beams remain circular during propagation through the gain medium.
    In one embodiment of the invention, the KLM laser is configured with the gain medium having a phase adjustment bandwidth that is wide enough to provide half the fundamental wavelength (SHG) output laser beam within the entire fundamental wavelength range.
    In another embodiment of the invention, the KLM laser has the gain medium configured with the phase adjustment bandwidth that is sufficiently wide to simultaneously wave the second, third while the pump beam propagates through the gain medium and fourth harmonics of the fundamental wavelength.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, which comprises any combination of the above embodiments or each of these individually, the KLM laser also has a flat resonance cavity.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, which comprises any combination of the above embodiments or each of these individually, the gain medium contains TM-doped binary and ternary II-VI materials.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, which comprises any combination of the above embodiments or each of these individually, the gain medium is selected from the following group: Cr 2+ : ZnSe, Cr 2+ : ZnS, Cr 2+ : CdSe, Cr 2+ : CdS, Cr 2+ : ZnTe, Cr 2+ : CdMnTe, Cr 2+ : CdZnTe, Cr 2+ : ZnSSe, Fe 2+ : ZnSe, Fe 2+ : ZnS, Fe 2+ : CdSe, Fe 2+ : CdS, Fe 2+ : ZnTe, Fe 2+ : CdMnTe, Fe 2+ : CdZnTe and Fe 2+ : ZnSSe and a combination of these.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, which comprises any combination of the above embodiments or each of these individually, the gain medium releases heat evenly in response to the injected pump beam. The latter produces uniform, axially symmetrical thermal-optical effects within the pumped gain medium.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, which comprises any combination of the above embodiments or each of these individually, the gain medium has a bandwidth that is sufficiently wide that the output laser beam with a sum of the pump and fundamental wavelength and / or a difference between them is generated, and / or a sum of the fundamental wavelength and a second, third and / or fourth optical harmonic of the fundamental frequency.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, which comprises any combination of the above embodiments or each of these individually, the gain medium is configured such that the optical intensity within it compared to a conventional Brewster mounting arrangement by a factor n the refractive index of the gain medium is increased.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, which comprises any combination of the above embodiments or each of these individually, the gain medium is configured such that it essentially compensates for an astigmatism of the resonance cavity.
    In a further embodiment of the invention, the KLM is provided with a resonance cavity which is defined by at least two adjacent upstream and downstream dielectric coated deflection mirrors which are spaced apart from one another along a path of the pump beam and which flank the gain medium. Each mirror is configured with a high reflectance at the fundamental wavelength and a high transmission at the pump wavelength, with the downstream deflecting mirror being configured to at least partially transmit the high harmonic wave.
    According to a further embodiment of the invention, the KLM laser, as disclosed in each of the previous embodiment or any combination of these embodiments, has the resonance cavity, which has an output decoupler that is partially transmissive at the fundamental wavelength and at least one plane dichroic mirror upstream of the output decoupler includes. The cavity also has at least one intermediate plate with high transmission at the fundamental wave and waves of high harmonics.
    According to another embodiment of the invention, the KLM laser, as disclosed in each of the previous embodiment or any combination of these embodiments, has the resonance cavity that includes a dispersion compensation element configured as a plane-parallel plate or a plane-parallel prism, and that is operable to restrict dispersion. This compensation element is mounted at a Brewster angle.
    According to another embodiment of the invention, the KLM laser, as disclosed in any of the previous embodiments or any combination of these embodiments, has the resonance cavity that includes a Brewster-mounted birefringent selection filter.
    According to a further embodiment of the invention, the KLM laser, as disclosed in each of the previous embodiment or any combination of these embodiments, has the resonance cavity, and furthermore a linear adjuster which moves the gain medium within the resonance cavity along a waist of the Offset laser beam. The shift of the gain medium is controlled to determine the average power of the laser beam between one
    CH 711 206 B1 redistribute primary output of the emitted laser beam with the fundamental wavelength and secondary outputs with respective waves of the second, third and fourth harmonics.
    In a method according to the invention for a femtosecond laser emission in a Kerr lens mode-locked (“KLM”) laser, this method provides a resonance cavity with multiple passages and contains a gain medium that consists of transition metal-doped II-VI (“TM: II- VI ») - materials is selected. The latter are mounted at a normal angle of incidence to a pump beam within the resonance cavity. The Kerr lens causes mode coupling of the resonance cavity so that it emits a primary output of the laser emission including a train of output pulses with a fundamental wavelength. The pulses each vary within a wavelength range of 1.8-8 micrometers («μm»), have a pulse duration in a time range equal to or longer than 30-35 femtoseconds («fs») and an average output power in a power range within one mW up to about 20 watts («W»).
    In a further embodiment of the invention for the method, the resonance cavity is further provided with a secondary output concurrent with the primary output. The secondary output is at half the wavelength of the fundamental wavelength.
    In a further embodiment, the method according to a previous embodiment and / or a combination of the above embodiments provides additional outputs of the laser beam at a third and fourth harmonic of the fundamental wavelength simultaneously with the primary and secondary outputs.
    In a further embodiment according to the invention, the method of any one of the preceding embodiments or any combination of these includes generating a pump beam with a pump wavelength different from the basic wavelength and coupling the pump beam into the gain medium.
    According to another embodiment, the method of each of the previous embodiments or any combination thereof provides additional outputs of the laser beam with a sum of the pump and fundamental wavelengths and a difference between them, and a sum of the fundamental wavelength and wavelengths of the second, third and fourth optical harmonics and a difference from them.
    Brief Description of the Drawings The above and other aspects, features and advantages of the disclosure will be more readily apparent from the following drawings, in which:
    类似技术:
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    法律状态:
    2020-09-30| PFA| Name/firm changed|Owner name: IPG PHOTONICS CORPORATION, US Free format text: FORMER OWNER: IPG PHOTONICS CORPORATION, US |
    优先权:
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    US201461973616P| true| 2014-04-01|2014-04-01|
    PCT/US2015/023232|WO2015153391A1|2014-04-01|2015-03-30|Mid-ir kerr lens mode locked laser with normal incidence mounting of polycrystalline tm:ii-vi materials and method for controlling parameters of polycrystalline tm:ii-vi kerr lens mode locked laser|
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